Multiple Personality Disorder Essays (2131 words) -

Multiple Personality Disorder Dissociative identity disorder, more commonly known as multiple personality disorder, is one of the most intriguing and least understood of mental disorders. The publication of Sybil in 1973 created a wave of public fascination and, more importantly, professional recognition of childhood physical and sexual abuse as precipitants of the disorder. Dissociative identity disorder is characterized by the presence of ...at least two separate ego states, or alters, different modes of being and feeling and acting that exist independently of each other, coming forth and being in control at different times (Davison and Neale 180). Each personality is fully integrated and a complex unit with unique memories, behavior patterns, and social relationships that determine the nature of the individuals acts when that personality is dominant (Breiner 149). While psychologists now recognize childhood abuse as a precipitant of DID, the general public is, for the most part, unaware of the strong, almost universal connection. The vast majority (as many as 98 to 99%) of DID individuals have documented histories of repetitive, overwhelming, and often life-threatening trauma at a sensitive developmental stage of childhood (DID (MPD) 2). The two main types of abuse that occur are sexual, involving incest, rape, molestation, and sodomy, and physical, i nvolving beating, burning, cutting, and hanging. Neglect and verbal abuse are also contributing factors. DID is more common among women, probably because females are more frequently subjected to sexual abuse than males. This disorder is often referred to by professionals as and emergency defense system (Alexander, et al. 94), comparable to the defense a helpless animal uses when being preyed upon. By going into a trance-like state, the animal believes its attacker will think it is dead and leave. By the same token, an abused child uses this defense to distance its mental self from its physical being. The child dissociates, or breaks the connection between his/her thoughts, feelings, and his/her very identity. The child becomes like a hidden observer (Alexander, et al. 94) who does not have to deal with the pain or fear of the attack. All thoughts and memories of the abuse are psychologically separated from the child. After repeated abuse, this dissociation becomes reinforced. If the child is good at it, he/she will use it as a defense mechanism in any situation that he/she perceives as threatening, and different personalities begin to develop. Trance-like behavior in children has been found to be th e single best predictor of childhood dissociative identity disorder (Carlson, et al. 118). It has been documented that disassociative identity disorder can only develop during childhood, usually between the ages of 3 and 9. There is no adult onset disassociative identity disorder, due to the fact that ...only children have sufficient flexibility (and vulnerability) to respond to trauma by breaking their still coalescing self into different, dissociated parts (Rainbow House 2). It has also been found that only children who are highly susceptible to hypnosis are able to accomplish disassociative behavior. This is because a hypnotic state is very similar to the trance-like states that the children enter into, so if the children can be easily hypnotized, they can also easily go into trances. Others respond to their abuse in a more typical fashion. Children with disassociative identity disorder may have several different alters or personalities, each with its own distinct characteristics and strengths. These alters become dominant at different times according to the outside stressors, but ...there are usually only 3 to 6 alters who are particularly active...on any given day (Rainbow House 3). When active, these alters may or may not be apparent to observers (In fact, the personality differences in children with disassociative identity disorder tend to be subtle and fewer in number than seen in adults suffering from this disorder). When the alters are of different ages, talents, or temperaments, the distinctions between them become more obvious. It is also interesting to note that the same may be true for the disassociative identity disorder sufferer him/herself; that is, one personality may or may not be aware of the existence of another personality. In some cases, there may be an awareness of only one or two of many alters, in others, an awareness of all. One case study involves a young woman

Eamon de Valera essays

Eamon de Valera essays Eamon de Valera, although born in New York City, in the United States of America, devoted his life to help the people of Ireland. As he once said it, If I wish to know what the Irish want, I look into my own heart. De Valera loved Ireland and its people with a deep and lasting passion. It was he, probably more than any other person in their history, who helped that country win freedom from British rule and then shaped its history well into the twentieth century. De Valeras mother, Catherine Coll, usually known as Kate, came to the states in 1879, at the young age of twenty-three. Like so many other Irish immigrants of that time, she had suffered from poverty, and even hunger, in her native land and saw America as a place where she could go to try and get a fresh start. She first took a job with a wealthy French family that was living in Manhattan. This is where and when she met Vivion Juan de Valera. He was a Spanish sculptor who came to the home of her employers to give music lessons to the children. In 1881, the couple married. A little over a year later, while living at 61 east 41st Street, Kate Coll de Valera gave birth to the couples only child. His name was Edward, called by Eddie at first, but would become known to the world by the Irish variation of that name, Eamon. Always in poor health, Vivion de Valera left his young family behind him and traveled to Colorado, hoping that perhaps the healthier air would help him out. Within a few months he died. Now a widow, Kate went back to work, leaving Eamon in the care of another woman who also had come from the tiny village of Bruree, in County Limerick. Later in his life, Eamon would remember occasional visits from, as he knew her, a woman in black, which ended up being his true mother. Kate de Valera decided that Eamon would be better cared for by her family back in Ireland. Before long he found himself away from noise of Man...

Course Work Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Course Work - Coursework Example Secondly, the entire summary has so many citation errors. For instance, Purdy v United Kingdom (2010) AC 45 was used instead of (on the application of Purdy) v DPP [2009] UKHL 45 [2010] AC 345. Moreover, the term article in law is supposed to be written with a capital letter. However, the summary had most of its â€Å"Articles† written in small letters. For instance, article 8 instead of Article8. Furthermore, there are interchanged words or rather statements in the text. For example, â€Å"judge Lord† is used severally in the entire summary. This is supposed to be written as â€Å"Lord Judge†; an acceptable statement. The entire summary is full of misused and confused tenses. For instance, â€Å"If you provided a defence to those who assisted someone to kill themselves then you would have to apply it to euthanasia as well as assisted suicide.† To correct this statement, one should focus on the use of words and the tenses that come along with them. Thus, t he statement should be written as â€Å"If you provide a defense to those who assisted someone to kill him or herself, then you should consider it euthanasia and assisted suicide.† The statement â€Å"European Court of human rights† is not written appropriately. It should be written as â€Å"European Court of Human Rights,† in line with the rules of law as well as grammar requirements. This text is full of grammar errors, this is just bet an example or rather a representation of the errors. Lastly, a year was not provided in a citation â€Å"Gross v Switserland and Purdy.† It should be written or rather cited as follows: Gross v Switzerland (A/30)(1979). Summary of R V Nicholson (2013) This case was brought by Nicholson together with other individuals to the Court of Appeal after the European court of Justice ruled against assisted suicide and euthanasia of which they were never satisfied with. The applicants were disadvantaged since they could not kill t hemselves. Thus, they proposed that others should kill them. However, Section 2 of the Suicide Act 2010 states that it is unlawful for persons to assist others to commit suicide and whoever assists will be charged with murder. Similarly, the FPP had provided guidance on how and when the murder assisters should be prosecuted. This advice came immediately after the case of Purdy v United Kingdom (2010). Therefore, the Court had to decide as to whether there is a defense to murder that is referred to as a necessity or not. In addition, the Court had to decide whether a cover for such cases is an interference with the Article 8 of the Human Rights Act 1950 or not. This Act protects privacy of people. Lastly, the Court had to decide if the DPP is supposed to set out greater details as to how he would decide his discretion in prosecution cases of the kind. In this case, the European Court of Human Rights, in absence of the Lord Judge, declined to give a declaration that was requested for since it was not the responsibility of the Courts of Law to make decisions about this. Parliament is the only body with the powers to make such decisions. The issue was extremely controversial for the courts to deliver their rulings thus it was not a necessity. The court used the case of Bland to support their decision. Moreover, the court stated that the right to life is a fundamental according to the common law, under the European Act. There being no right to commit suicide, one will be prosecuted if he or she tries to. Furthermore, if you provide a substantial

Research Experience for High School Students Dissertation

Research Experience for High School Students - Dissertation Example This essay stresses that given the absence of specific and clear-cut formal policies and frameworks from the government on research experience for high school students, the quest to inject high school learning with research experience has largely remained in the hands of private initiatives. This means that the introduction and maintenance of research experience in high school learning has mostly been a preserve of efforts applied by individual high schools and their stakeholders. Conversely, there are other organizations or agencies such as the National Science Foundation which sustain Research Experience for High School Students (REHSS) programs with logistics and finances and help further the goals of REHSS. This paper makes a conclusion that the research faculty member aiding and guiding the student has to come from the institution sustaining the research. For instance, Vanderbilt University enjoys the widest notoriety for sustaining these independent research projects. This means that most of the research faculty members who mentor high school students undertaking independent research projects are employees of Vanderbilt University. All students who participate in REHSS are to attend weekly breakout sessions in groups and are to be led by a group of Vanderbilt University postdoctoral and graduate student researches. In respect to the foregoing, it is important to note that institutions of learning which provide REHSS services have the prerogatives to set the requirements for enrolment. Roberts and Wassersug (2009) contends that in most cases, the student candidates must be: sixteen years of

Operation strategy essay questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Operation strategy questions - Essay Example It is applicable both in service and manufacturing sectors. Henry Ford was one of the first founders of this idea no wonder he was named after the Ford automobile industry. Ford discovered the continuous flow in manufacturing. His T model of automobile production ensured that his production standards were so tight such that each stage of the process of production could fit with the next stage perfectly and this resulted into little or no waste. The other manufacturing company that adopted Henry Ford’s hypothesis is the Toyota Company which is one of the giants in the automobile field to date. The company uses just in time model which uses the pull model that ensures that the company is only purchasing, producing and distributing their products only when needed. In the service industry, lean manufacturing focuses on the customer values and focus. Lean manufacturing relates to inventory, customers and production when it comes to processing of data knowledge and any service. Thes e include customer care services as well as finding out what the customer needs and producing it only if the customer wants it. The zero defect model can also be applied in the service industry which requires that the right service is delivered at the right time without any defect. 9. Scheduling for repetitive jobs ensures tradeoffs and efficient utilization of staff and other facilities. Both scheduling for job shops and repetitive scheduling enjoys the advantage of efficiency. However repetitive scheduling is more consistent and may result in high profits compared to job shops which are more

Product Launch Report: Fast Food

Product Launch Report: Fast Food EXECUTIVE SUMMERY This project is about super deluxe burger combo developed by BURGER FUEL named as  Ã¢â‚¬Å"RICHIE FREAKOUT â€Å"as Richie is New Zealand rugby team captain and is well known personality all over. When we heard his name Words like passion, energy, power, effectiveness strike in our mind. This combo meal include flat bread bun having different variety of meat. Will be given with energy drink rather than soft drink. The need to introduce this is as young generation intake energy drink a lot and consumption of healthy energy giving product is more so by providing this combo we will likely to target the young teen which play crucial role in our store as more than 50% of sale is dependent on them. The need to introduce this burger is as customer are more demanding and need innovation in product by introducing new flat bread bun this deluxe combo with energy drink make customer attracted. INTRODUCTION Burger Fuel is a New Zealand owned chain of burger restaurants with 52 locations around the world including 46 locations in New Zealand.it is high energy burger brand that experience huge success in Middle East and now exposing growing market in New Zealand. Burger fuel is leading top brand in food market now a days. Burger fuel is well known KIWI brand as it known for its specialaiolisauce, freshness, taste. As it is very interesting to know that 31 March 2013 resulted in a profit of $1,098,294. This was a 55% increase in the profit from that of previous year of the $708,360. Which result in total sale of $ 49.3M in current year. Making it compare with last year there is increase of 29.2% in total sale of burger fuel which is huge achievement. (annual report burger fuel 2013, 2013) IDEA OF THE SUPER DELUXE COMBO New burger fuel super deluxe burger combo name as â€Å"RICHIE FREAKOUT† is going to be introduced in young market era where people are mainly concern with intake of energy, healthy and nutritious diet. This deluxe combo will be provided with ENERGY DRINK and also the combo will have flat bread. Burger fuel try to focus on each and every people in market now a days youngster have more intake of energy drink. As now all people are concern with health issue new flat bread bun in introduced which is oil free with no fat. We try to focus young generation as in past few years are sale likely to increase due to variety we provide to them. COMPETITOR As we have new super deluxe combo which is different from offering of different competitor but still we have competitor in market: Subway Burger King McDonalds But since we having number of competitor but idea to introduce flat bread bun and energy drink with combo meal is likely to be new. MARKET SHARE TARGET MARKET By introducing this super deluxe burger combo burger fuel try to target young generation as they play crucial role for each and every company. As we look profits of burger fuel from past few years. According to annual report of burger fuel up to financial year 31 March 2013 has again demonstrated a significant improvement in his performance. The small chain of business continue to grow and is becoming stronger both in local and international market As at 31 March 2013 there were 44  Burger Fuel outlets operating and the Group has  Considerable Young generation like the different combo meals offer by burger fuel. SEGEMENT PROFITABILITY As our product price are generally high as we offer quality product. But keeping in mind combo is designed for young generation price is likely to be moderate will be provided with addition deal on Weekends. Increasing sale by giving additional sale make sale to go high and will increase profit margin. POSITIONING OF THE PRODUCT As most of business can’t afford investing of thousands of dollars in advertising and promotion every month as it is going to increase price of product as we are introducing new super deluxe combo meal at reasonable price. By spending more on advertisement will likely to increase combo price so by making new pamphlets of store different combo highlighting super deluxe deal in beginning will make people to know about product and also we will able to introduce our other combo through it. MARKETING MIX PRODUCT The product involves all its particular features and benefits. It can be seen from the Salad Cream campaign that a decision was taken not to alter the taste of salad cream and only to change the bottle shape and packaging. Hence, the product aspect of the marketing mix was left relatively unchanged. In the case of Salad Cream the price aspects of the mix were altered: price was increased, because focus group research supported the view that a price increase in Salad Cream would be acceptable to consumers. Promotion aspects were considerably changed. The advertising and promotional campaigns described above were extensive. Finally, place within the marketing mix was also unchanged in terms of the places where consumers could buy Salad Cream. No new sales outlets or distribution points were suggested by the campaign team. PRICE Price is one of most important element which create sales revenue, price of product is important determinant of value of sale made. Price is determined by market forces in accordance with time and circumstances. Deluxe combo must be introduced keeping in mind the total cost and market trend prevailing in market. PROMOTION Promotion is business communication it will provide information that will assist customer to buy. However successful promotion will result in increase in sales. By making well designed pamphlet highlighting super deluxe combo will likely to attract the people which is good for company. Other method which can be used for introducing are: Radio and television Poster and media Internet sites Promotion campaigns PLACE Product placement also known as product brand by which product is integrated in marketing practises. Marketing practise such as advertising, promotion brand name, package and other. In product placement The audience involve get to know about the product. By advertising super deluxe combo in television in between movies interval people will do come to know we must have to pay attention toward our combo layout DIFFERENTIATION Richie freakout is different from that of other combo deal which is being provided in store as combo come up with: Flat bread bun Energy drink BUSINESS STRATEGY Launching a new thing requires addressing the four marketing pillars of price, product, promotion and place of sale. To analyse each of these areas, we need to examine strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to help minimizing our risks and maximize our resources before we run our promotion activities. STRENGTHS The combo we introducing it satisfy the need and demand of young generation as combo is designed according to their preferences and recommendation given by them. We manage to provide this combo with basic price out profitability will be quite less in accordance with out combo we provide but this deluxe combo will attract wide range of people which is good for us. WEAKNESSES A weakness is related with unnecessary things that happen. We must be prepare with the any short coming arise or any problem face during the process. We had to pay attention toward cost involve as we specialise in providing fresh. OPPORTUNITIES As we introducing new deluxe combo it will give great opportunities. As we coming up with new upcoming this will create great opportunities as they will attract number of youth which will create demand not for this but for overall combo. As we having lower overhead costs than a mature competitor, we might be able to price our self more competitively. THREATS Once we enter the market place, our competitors will likely to react. One of the biggest threats we face is our competition prevailing in market. We must have our backup plans for your pricing, promotion and distribution channels so that we can respond to competitor changes taking place. CONCLUSION This case study has examined burger fuel ability to use innovation in developed market place. There is need to innovate efforts in expanding market. The case study include some elements like Demand and preferences of customer to identify market opportunity Product innovation Introducing this super deluxe combo will create great opportunity this will not only give company a competitive advantage but will give sustained advantage to increase profitability. Hence if super deluxe combo is introduced it will build a strong relationship with our young generation. RECOMMEDATIONS First of all there must be proper stock of raw material as we deal in serving fresh meals Manager must forecast sale of store and must have estimated stock As we know providing energy drink there must proper set up of machinery to serve it. Ntec Concordia institute Internet Television: History and Future Internet Television: History and Future Internet Television: The Present and the Future Introduction The emergence of the Internet has revolutionized the way people conduct their life and activities, without them being aware of it. Conventional activities like going to the library, reading books, and shopping have converged to a single activity of sitting at the personal computer. Not only these, technology-based activities like watching television, listening to music and communicating on the telephone etc., which had previously been considered developed beyond expectations, have radically changed even more. One no longer gets mesmerized by watching videos on the Internet or streaming news items from web sites such as www.mtv.com or www.bbc.co.uk, respectively. There is virtually no difference in carrying out activities, like the above, through a single PC or through the designated equipments like radio, television or video recorders. For technologists, convergence of the media has been a revolution that has changed the world and the way we live, partly because it opens new avenues for exploration and partly because technologists believe they can improve the quality of these technology-based activities. In particular, the convergence of the Internet with broadcasting technology has altered not only the consumers perception of watching television but also related technologies and industries. Today, media companies are investing heavily in broadcast research and development (RD) and in Internet technology with the view to capture both types of consumer markets. What is more important in this race for changing the face of media is how technologists are developing even more complex media technologies to seamlessly converge broadcast and the Internet to offer a highly integrated environment for the future consumers. In the following discussion, the researcher shall explore how this historical revolution has come about, current development and future challenges. History of Television Broadcast and Internet Television Perhaps the most important development of television technology had been the vision of communications satellites in 1945 by Sir Arthur Clarke. The author used his knowledge of British Radar Establishment to outline the future of satellites. He wrote an article about using â€Å"extraterrestrial radio relays† for developing a global communications system to establish radio stations. What Clarke had not realized was that the relays he mentioned were illustrations of television signals, which has the same application today (Ippolito and Pelton 2004). Satellite communication system has become the foundation for television and radio broadcast, during the 1950s to date. Direct broadcast was introduced in 1960s and 1970s, also known as Direct to Home (DTH) or Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) or, in official terms, Broadcast Satellite Services (BSS). These initial BSS were dependent on the international route telecommunication backbone used for telephone and telex, and later for TV an d radio program distribution. This period witnessed a slowdown in satellite revolution as the governments, organizations and public interest groups were concerned about developments of satellite transmission power to the homes and beyond geographical boundaries. They were of the view that such technology could cause cultural, political and social damage (Sachdev and Swearingen 2004). Despite their objections, TV channel frequency developed high satellite transmission frequency through Effective Radiated Power, which could transmit analogue signals to even small antennas. The first operational Direct Broadcast or DTH system was developed in Europe by the German and French, which was known as TV-Sat in Germany and TeleDiffusion Francais in France. During the 1980s, the International Telecommunications Union was adopted by the US and European countries to broadcast programs across the Atlantic (Sachdev and Swearingen 2004). Clay Whitehead, an American, was a pioneer in developing Ku-ba nd frequencies, which altered the medium for â€Å"fixed service† satellite to broadcast TV directly to low receive-only dishes. The concept was furthered by Coronet, and then later acquired in 1984 by SES Astra. Astra became the true DBS satellites that were successful in transmitting high-frequency power to and from satellites, thus, providing a large number of TV channels to the users (Sachdev and Swearingen 2004). However, academics believe that true broadcast challenges came about with the introduction of terrestrial and digital broadcasting during the 1990s when television content was funded by advertising, and media mogul Rupert Murdoch monopolised television rights. During this period, Sky offered customers channel broadcast at premium subscription, which other television channels, like ITV, took the first offensive to launch ON Digital in 1998, which was followed by the BBC’s Freeview, and other channels. (The Future of Internet Television 2006). Parallel to these attacks on broadcast satellite had been the revolution in personal video recorders (PVRs), during the 1970s. The PVRs allowed users to tape TV content indefinitely without copyright issues. When the PVRs gave way to DVDs, the demand for at home entertainment did not diminish but, in fact, increased manifolds as users could now use electronic programming guides (EPG) to record television programs in high-quality broadcast that was made possible by digital television (The Future of Internet Television 2006). Digital television was an equipment revolution rather than broadcast, as it allowed higher quality content to be transmitted from the standard definition television (SDTV or Digital Video Broadcast) to high definition television (HDTV or ATSC or ISDB), as it gradually has eaten up mainstream analogue signal broadcast and replaced it with high-definition channel broadcast. Although currently ATSC and ISDB standards are being used at high cost of implementation, nevertheless, it has become the trend as HD-DVD and Blue Ray have become part of this mainstream broadcast technology. These new technologies of the 1990s and 2000s have made digital transformation from broadcast satellite to digital networks, and the Internet, possible (The Future of Internet Television 2006). Current Internet Television Today, there is no limitation to watching television anywhere one can imagine on the plane, in the kitchen, on the mobile phone, on walkways and even in the car, all made possible by the convergence of the Internet media and television broadcast technologies. Media convergence and interactivity have not only changed the cultural trend of television experience but also its functionality. The main emphasis is on viewer accessibility and near-video-on-demand (NVOD), which offers users the choice to watch broadcast content without the physical limitation of broadcast transmission to designated equipments or timing. Hence, the experience of watching television is no longer regarded as broadcast as it has changed its features from static to interactive, with different converged media functions. The computer furthered this technology of interactivity, while the Internet revolutionized the challenge of meeting user demand for a different type of experience (Crisell 2002). High-speed peer-to-peer sharing systems have enabled users to share files of TV shows, PVRs, VOD, and made watching TV on mobile devices possible. For these reasons, ISPs (Internet Service Providers) have also geared their networks to facilitate high-speed downloads through BitTorrent or such systems as they realized they need to capitalize on the shifting trend of watching television during primetime to all the time. Users prefer to watch TV at their ease and access it whenever their lifestyle allows them. With PVRs they are able to queue programs to be recorded, skip advertisements and watch ongoing broadcasts. The need to have an interactive medium has become more pronounced as technologists vie the Internet as the ideal medium for users to download compressed VODs and broadcast television programs. In the UK, this trend has gained popularity as users indicated their desire to watch popular programs and, at the same time, browse the Internet resources for new TV content and films (Brown and Barkhuus 2006). Delivering quality Internet TV service has become possible with a combination of two key developments: high-speed internet and compression technology. TV programs, when converted from analogue through Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) to digitized information files, they become extremely large, especially if they are high in resolution of pictures. Distribution of these audiovisual files over the Internet has become difficult, as the file would be too heavy for it to be transferred through the network. Even though digitization of TV, PVRs and DVDs reduced the size of such video streams, nevertheless, they still pose a challenge for ISPs. JPEG, MPEG (Motion Pictures Expert Group) and AVC (advanced video coding) video compression technologies, which were introduced by Microsoft to be integrated with Windows Media Video (WMV) to facilitate computer users to share high definition programming, emerged as the new format for audiovisual file interchange (Keen 2006). These files use Discrete Cosin e Transform (DCT), Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) in Dirac codec and Fractual Compression compression processes for streaming. Unlike conventional broadcasting transmission, streaming involves progressive downloading of audiovisual files without having to wait for its complete download for playback. Audiovisual files can be streamed on the Internet on-demand (stored on server, available on request) or live (available at particular time such as life events). Streaming requires a high-speed Internet connection without traffic jams because the content cannot be streamed if the end user is carrying other traffic with the stream. Currently, only shorter TV content is offered for streaming (YouTube, Google Video), while longer and high quality contents such as shows and films are offered for download on request (MovieLink, CinemaNow, Sky By Broadband) (Keen 2006). Previously, Internet audiovisual media content used dedicated software applications such as Microsoft Windows Media, RealVideo and QuickTime for playback that was separate from web browsers. Later applications, like Flash Players, allowed integrated streaming within the web browser, which makes it cost effective, as well as relatively easier for users to access broadcast content through Internet distribution (Keen 2006). Television content streaming uses the same applications with added features. Applications like Apples iTunes, Chinese program PPLive and BBCs MyBBCPlayer allows television broadcasters to select programs for online streaming. As more and more television companies are transitioning online with new contents for streaming, users prefer to watch Internet TV than conventional television. To facilitate even more efficient peer-to-peer connections, the Internet architecture has been revolutionized for data transfer (The Future of Internet Television 2006). This has been ach ieved by specialist bandwidth providers called Content Distribution Networks (CDNs), which ensure streamlined and optimal content distribution through remote servers to client PCs without the hindrance of traffic jams. Companies like CacheLogic, Kontiki, and Grid Networks have been responsible for revolutionizing the commercial deployment of high-quality streaming services for Internet Television (Keen 2006). Future of Internet TV Broadcasting Broadcasting companies and TV operators in the last decade, according to Arino and Marsden (Brown and Picard 2005), have capitalized tremendously on the growth of the Internet to draw audiences away from traditional television broadcast. For some, the Internet may have been the reason for the demise of the conventional broadcast TV, while for others this new media is the new platform for digital TV. Internet TV is no longer about watching streamed programs from broadcast TV web sites. In fact, according to Noll (qt in Gerbarg, Groebel and Noam 2004), Internet TV has come to be defined as a television interface based on an interactive Internet platform for storage and transmission of audiovisual content streaming, as well as web activities. Thus, the future of the Internet TV involves Internet-enhanced TV that delivers both TV content, as well as web-based content. Convergence will no longer be limited to listening radio and watching downloaded content, but will also encompass chattin g, messaging, conversing with hosts and participants of TV programs, and programming of content through complex transmissional services, consultational services and interactive television links (Arino and Marsden qt. Brown and Picard 2005). With the increase in broadband usage in the UK, it is expected that Internet TV services shall increase manifolds, which will make high quality digital movie file streaming available from various websites with lesser costs. New technologies like webified video are expected to revolutionize next generation storage TV, to convert web content as well as TV programs to integrated information retrieval media for interface and interactivity (Miyamori and Tanaka 2005). Similarly SURFs (Simple UI to Retrieve Favourites) systems are being explored for transforming TV content into information portals which will allow users to interact with electronic devices within the household. The idea is to integrate TV with Internet content by allowing users to use unconventional remote controls to interact with the Internet TV platform (Halverson and Voutsas 2000). Contents may range from watching VODs, or news content or browsing the Internet. Not only this, but it is expected that the future holds new dimensions for the meaning of interactivity. Speech recognition and interactivity, according to Wittenburg et al (2006), is the next revolutionary interface for current prototype PVRs. These shall be used in conjunction with Internet TV to change the whole experience of interacting with TV and the Internet. Conclusion From the above discussion, one can conclude that the process of Internet and television convergence has revolutionized the experience of watching television. Convergence of these individual technologies has been possible with the developments of technologies in compression, streaming, digitization, and playback applications. However, to think that the revolution has stopped there is a mistake. As one reads in the above section, the development of Internet TV is not complete. The mix of Internet television services through chats, browsing, downloads and networking have yet to become even more revolutionized in the future as new technologies related to interface devices, broadband networks, and television content conversions become more common for all to be used. There is no doubt that Internet TV has affected the lives of its users as well as those who developed it. What makes this revolutionary unique is the fact that it has also influenced other dimensions of entertainment and infor mation interactivity. For example, companies are exploring broadcasting dimensions using mobile phones, voice-activated interface, and information interchange technologies for viewing and interacting, not on conventional tube TV or PCs but on small mobile devices. Indeed, the future of Internet TV is not limited to its conventional infrastructure but rather shall reside in new ones. References Arino, M. and Marsden, C. (2005) From Analogue to Digital in Digital Terrestrial Television in Europe by Allan Brown and Robert G. Picard (eds) Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahwah, NJ. Brown, B. and Barkhuus, L. (2006) The Television Will Be Revolutionized: Effects of PVRs and Filesharing on Television Watching. CHI April 22-27 ACM 2006. Combat One. (2006) The Future of Internet Television Combat One. Online accessed on 4-12-2006 from: http://www.combatone.com/fullreport.php Crisell, A. (2002) An Introductory History of British Broadcasting. Routledge: London pp.275. Halverson, C. and Voutsas, D. (2000) SURFing the Home with Your TV. ACM Multimedia Copyright. Ippolito, L. and Pelton, J. N. (2004) Satellites Technology: The Evolution of Satellite Systems and Fixed Satellite Services in Communications Satellites: Global Change Agents by Peter Marshall, Robert J. Oslund and Joseph N. Pelton (eds). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahwah, NJ. pp. 33 Keen, B. (2006) Broadband delivery of film and TV content over the open internet. 09 October. The British Screen Advisory Council. Miyamori, H. and Tanaka, K. (2005) Webified Video: Media Conversion from TV Program to Web Content and their Integrated Viewing Method. ACM Copyright May 10-14, Chiba, Japan. Noll, A. M. (2004) Internet Television: Definition and Prospects in Internet Television by Darcy Gerbarg, Jo Groebel and Eli Noam (eds) Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Mahwah, NJ. Wittenburg, K. et al (2006) The Prospects for Unrestricted Speech Input for TV Content Search. AVI 06, May 23-26, 2006, Venezia, Italy. ACM Copyright.

Parkinsons Disease Essay -- Health

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a striatal dopamine deficiency disorder as a consequence of neuronal loss in the substania nigra. It is named after James Parkinson, a British apothecary, who first fully documented its physical signs in 1817. Since then, significant advances have been made in our understanding of characteristic pathophysiology as well as in the medical treatment of different stages of PD. An overview of condition features in terms of epidemiology, manifestations, diagnosis and disease management will be discussed in this paper. I. Epidemiology Parkinson’s disease is a common form of Parkinsonism, affecting as many as one out of every hundred people aged 65 years and over. The disease prevalence increases with age, with approximately 2% of those older than 80 years having PD. It is estimated that the number of patients diagnosed with PD is around 110,000 in the UK. No significant gender predominance has been recognised in most epidemiological studies although some evidence implies that men are more likely to develop PD than their counterparts. Owning to population aging, the incidence of PD is anticipated to rise dramatically in the coming decades. Despite being the second most common neurodegenerative illness after Alzheimer’s disease, the cause of PD remains elusive. To date, a considerable amount of literature has suggested that the disorder may be precipitated by either or both genetic and environmental factors (e.g. ingestion or inhalation of a neurotoxin called MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro pyridine). II. Manifestations Parkinson’s disease is classically characterised by the tetrad of clinical features, as follows: bradykinesia or slowness of movement, rest tremor (usually described as pil... ...W, Poewe W, Stocchi F, et al. Rasagiline as an adjunct to levodopa in patients with Parkinson’s disease and motor fluctuations (LARGO, Lasting effect in Adjunct therapy with Rasagiline Given Once daily, study): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group trial. The Lancet. 12;365(9463):947–54. 10. Rabey JM, Sagi I, Huberman M, Melamed E, Korczyn A, Giladi N, et al. Rasagiline mesylate, a new MAO-B inhibitor for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: a double-blind study as adjunctive therapy to levodopa. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2000 Dec;23(6):324–30. 11. Oldfield V, Keating GM, Perry CM. Rasagiline: a review of its use in the management of Parkinson’s disease. Drugs. 2007;67(12):1725–47. 12. Chen JJ, Ly A-V. Rasagiline: A second-generation monoamine oxidase type-B inhibitor for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2006 May 15;63(10):915–28.

Adoption and Race

Historically, transracial adoption began to be practiced after the Second World War. Children from war-torn countries – Korea, Vietnam, and even Europe — without families were adopted by families in the United States with Caucasian paThrough the years, as more racial ethnic minority children within the United States were without families, domestic adoption agencies began to place African American, Native American, and Hispanic children with Caucasian families who wanted children.However, in 1972 the National Association of Black Social Workers (NABSW) became concerned about the large numbers of African American children who were being placed with Caucasian families. They condemned the practice of transracial adoption of African American children to Caucasian parents.They cited psychological maladjustment, inferior racial identity, the failure to cope with racism and discrimination, and â€Å"cultural genocide† as the likely outcomes of transracial adoptive placem ents.As an offshoot of this, legislation was introduced in the form of the Multiethnic Placement Act (MEPA) of 1994. MEPA, together with the Interethnic Adoption Provisions (IEP), has been signed into law to reduce the practice of race-matching in adoptive placements for children.These two pieces of legislation, commonly referred to as MEPA-IEP, were designed to decrease the amount of time children wait for adoptive placement, to improve and assist in the recruitment and retention of prospective foster and adoptive parents who are able to meet the distinctive needs of the children to be placed, and to eliminate discrimination in the practice of adoptive and foster care placements on the basis of race, color, or national origin.However, the passage of MEPA-IEP has not resolved the controversy over racial matching policies and transracial adoptions. Controversies still hound transracial adoption. Although the law prohibits categorical assumptions about the benefit of same-race placeme nts, child welfare workers still will have to make decisions about the importance of race in the life of an individual child.They are also tasked to identify reasons that may eventually require for the consideration of race. Those who believe that same-race placements are preferable may feel aggrieved that federal policy now contradicts their conviction and routinely calls for them to place children without giving weight to the child’s race.On the other hand, those who place little value on racial matching may have trouble identifying children whohave a specific need for a same-race placement.It is within this light that this study will take shape.   As issues continue to be raised regarding transracial adoption, it is only fitting to go beyond statistics and find out the feelings of those who are personally involved in the process. As this study will attempt to unravel the issues closest to the hearts of those involved, the approach that will be used will be generally qual itative.Statement of the ProblemWhat is the percentage of interracial adoption, and what are the controversies surrounding racial matching and transracial adoption?Objectives1) To define racial matching and transracial adoption;2) To find out the percentage of transracial adoption in America;3) To find out the various issues related to racial matching and transracial adoption;4) To find out the various legislations designed to address racial matching and transracial adoption.MethodologyThis study will use interview – which entails purposive sampling — as a method for gathering data. The interviews will be conducted with the aid of an interview guide which is an informally prepared unstructured questionnaire. Data will also be collected through numerous secondary sources.Materials and documents such as discourses in books, official publications, position papers, letters, newspapers and magazine clippings will also be utilized. The official websites of various organizati ons will also be used as necessary. Implications of the study will be derived from the analysis of the gathered data and issues raised in the interviews and the various secondary sources.Review of Related LiteraturePracticing social workers, leaders of minority group communities, and scholars have expressed concerns on the effects of transracial adoption (Hayes, 1993). In a study conducted by Kim (1995) on international adoption, he noted that â€Å"transracial adoption of black children stirred up many controversies regarding their psychological development, especially with respect to their ethnic identity, or cultural well-being† (p.141-142).In order to determine the effects of transracial adoption on adoptees, several studies were also conducted on the racial identity of transracial adoptees (Bagley, 1993).These studies conceptualized racial identity in terms of racial group preferences, objective racial self-identification, and knowledge or awareness of one’s racia l group membership. Andujo (1988) also studied racial identity by measuring levels of acculturation, and by assessing the degree of pride in one’s ethnic heritage and appearance.Johnson et al. (1987) found that transracially adopted Black children had greater awareness of their race at an earlier age than did intraracially adopted Black children. As they grow older, however, both groups of adopted children expressed analogous levels of awareness and preference.The findings of the study also indicated that transracially adopted children’s awareness and preference stayed constant over time, while that of intraracially adopted Black children’s both increased more swiftly to exceed that of transracially adopted children.In the end, the study concluded that transracially adopted children were developing differently from intraracially adopted children. This developmental difference could be the springboard of the problems in the transracial adoptees’ racial ide ntity.Shireman and Johnson (1986) likewise reported on the psychological adjustment, racial identity, and sexual identity of transracial adoptees as compared to intraracial adoptees and adoptees of single parents.All of the adoptees in the study were Black children and all of the parents were also Black except for the parents in the transracial placements all of whom were White. Parents and adoptees were interviewed separately. The findings of the study suggested that there were no differences in psychological adjustment among the three groups of adoptees as determined by objective ratings of the interviews.In the end, the controversies hounding transracial adoption, no matter how limited they are, still largely affect those who are involved in the process. Only when these issues are addressed and resolved can the matters be put to rest.BibliographyAndujo, E. (1988). Ethnic identity of transethnically adopted Hispanic adolescents. Social Work, 33, 531-535.Bagley, C. (1993a). Chinese adoptees in Britain: A twenty-year follow-up of adjustment and social identity. International Social Work, 36, 143-157.Hayes, P. (1993). Transracial adoption: Politics and ideology. Child Welfare, 72, 301-310.Johnson, P. R., Shireman, J. F., & Watson, K. W. (1987). Transracial adoption and the development of black identity at age eight. Child Welfare, 66, 45-55.Kim, W. J. (1995). International adoption: A case review of Korean children. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 25, 141-154.National Adoption Information Clearinghouse (2000, August). Adoption: Numbers and trends. Available: http://www.calib.com/naic/pubs/s_number.htmProject 21. (1995, March). African-American leadership group condemns racist adoption practices. (On-line). Available: http://www.nationalcenter.inter.net/TransRacialAdopt.htmlShireman, J. F., & Johnson, P. R. (1986). A longitudinal study of Black adoptions: Single parent, transracial, and traditional. Social Work, 31, 172-176.http://www.transracialadoption .net/inform.htm#Psychological%20adjustment,%20self-esteem,%20and%20racial%20identity

governmental law essays

governmental law essays During the end the 18th century, American art not only helped fuel the fire for independence, it preserved those days of struggle as an empirical foundation for future generations of Americans. Examples of paintings of the revolution abound. Etchings by American Hero Paul Revere stirred Americas will to fight, while paintings by John Trumbell helped preserve the events and people that lead America to its independence. Although using different genres, each artist painted from a similar perspective, that of staunch Patriotism. Yet, there are two sides to any conflict, and one must take both sides perspectives into account. It is important to remember that history is often subjectively portrayed with many inherent biases. Propoganda and war go hand and hand. The object is to make a cause seem just or righteous while making the opposing side seem as if they are spawned from the root of all evil. Propagandized material often results in exaggerations or blatant mistruths. This is the case prior to the onset of the Revolutionary War. Paul Reveres etching of the Boston Massacre is a perfect example of how art can be used to sway public opinion. The etchings iconography describes British redcoats firing on well-dressed men and women peacefully protesting Englands taxation without representation. Colonials lie dying and bleeding as the British continue to fire with smug demeanors. As the authors Robert Devine, T.H. Breen, George M. Fredrickson, and R. Hal Williams wrote: In subsequent editions, the blood spurting from the dying Americans became more conspicuous.(Divine, Breen, Fredrickson, and Williams: 137) The etching became a bestseller and spurred intense reaction among colonials. The British, conf ronted with the possibility of a mass armed revolt, were forced to move their army to an island in Boston Harbor. The etching became a symbol to the colonial Americans of Briti...

Information Warfare - War is not over yet! essays

Information Warfare - War is not over yet! essays In the past few decades, people all over the world have been all too eager to embrace the technological revolution. One in every 4 Australian homes now owns a least one computer. But few people have stopped to realize that in accepting these changes so readily, we have opened a virtual Pandora's box. Our homes are an open book to hackers, our credit card numbers available to cyber-thieves and the stock market is a virtual playground for hacktivists on the World Wide Web. The human race has fought its fair share of wars over the years, but now, as we venture into the new millennium, we are faced with a whole new battle  ¡V a battle in which biological warfare has been replaced with computer viruses, spies with Trojan programs that allow the user to see into his "enemy's" base and nuclear weapons with email-bombs. But our enemies belong to no particular country or religious group. Rather, they are faceless and nameless. They are the hackers, the hacktivists and the cyber-thieves and they fight not for land, resources or freedom, but rather for information. Information warfare (IW) refers to both the offensive and defensive use of information and computers in an effort to observe, alter or destroy the information of another, while protecting one ¡s own. The recent explosion in the use of information systems, both in the public and business sectors, is paralleled by a sudden increase in hostile technological activity. Consequently, the development of defensive systems has also risen in an effort to protect information. Few people, however, have even the slightest idea that this war is being waged - yet it affects every single one of us. Some may wonder what interest hackers may have in their personal computer. The answer to this question is not simple. The majority of Internet hackers are simply driven by fun  ¡V a certain amount of voyeurism exists in gaining a window into another person ¡s life, and this can be very attractive to th...

AnheuserBusch Companies, Inc. 2004 Case Analysis Essay

AnheuserBusch Companies, Inc. 2004 Case Analysis - Essay Example The aim of this analysis was to determine the standing of this company as of 2004. The company was found to be a leader in the market. It has sales exceeding double those of its close competitor in 2003. The profit margin of the company is large, despite the fact that the beer market in America is shrinking. The company was also found to have diversified its activities a great deal, and this is one of the reasons why it maintains such a profit margin. In addition to twelve breweries in the local market, the company also operates theme parks, packaging industries and real estate investment. Anheuser-Busch Companies Inc is one of the largest companies in America. It is also one of the leading breweries both in America and globally. It has its roots in St. Louis. On its conception, it was named Bavarian Brewery. This was back in 1852. Within the years, the company has grown in leaps and bounds, and along the way changed its name to the current one. For the past half a century, Anheuser-Busch has been the market leader in beer sales and production. In the year 2003, its position as the market leader was unaffected by various negative aspects that could have seen its sales decline. These included the declining of the stock market and corporate scandals that rocked it. There was also an increase in the amount of government regulation around this time. This was also the time that saw unprecedented levels of global instability, both economically and politically. Despite all these negative aspects, Anheuser-Busch continued to lead the market. A comparison between the numbers of barrel sales that Anheuser-Busch made in the year 1865 with those sold in 2003 will clearly indicate that the company has really come far. The sales have risen from 8,000 to 127.9 million. The company owned a single brewery at that time, but the number for 2003 was made with a capacity of twelve breweries. Anheuser-Busch has gone through a lot of transformation and other experiences since it was found. It was incorporated in the year 1919. It has become the leader around the world in the production of beer. It has also seen a great deal of technological advancement. This company was the first one that employed the use of

Medicare, Medicaid, and the Delivery System Case Study

Medicare, Medicaid, and the Delivery System - Case Study Example All these approaches have incentives that seem to motivate a certain trend (Guterman, Davis, Schoenbaum & Shih, w238). However, of the above three, the fee-for-service is the traditional one. The capitation approach is up-to-date and is meant to be a step up concerning creating better incentives for preventive care, efficiency, and cost control in health care. Under this payment system, a hospital, a physician, or a medical group receives a given flat fee per month for caring for a patient registered in a managed health care plan, despite the cost of the patient’s care. In the global capitation mode, whole networks of physicians and hospitals band in unison to obtain single fixed per-month payments for registered health plan individuals. The providers sign one contract with a health plan covering the care group signatories, and then they must establish a way of dividing the capitated check among the members. Flexibility in shared savings symbolizes a major feature of the proposed Medicare ACO rule. As such, even though ACOs will be reimbursed by fee-for-services, CMS are also scheduled to come up with benchmarks designed towards every individual ACO. In case the ACO exceeds its specified standard in Medicare cost savings, it definitely qualifies for shared savings. However, it will as well be held accountable for any incurred losses for failing to meet the set benchmarks. In addition, CMS has proposed creating a minimum sharing rate meant to account for normal differences in expenditure that could determine whether ACO reaches or goes beyond its benchmark (Guterman, Davis, Schoenbaum & Shih, w250). In the proposed rules, CMS has set forth two tracks for ACO reimbursement models. Here, ACOs will be asked to serve at least five thousand Medicare beneficiaries for a period of 3years. This new rule gives ACO an opportunity to follow a one-sided risk approach, where only